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typedef char *sds;		// sds被定义为char*类型，具体好处见下文

struct sdshdr {
    unsigned int len;   //等于sds所保存字符串的长度
    unsigned int free;  //bug数组中未使用字节的数量
    char buf[];         //字节数组，用于保存字符串
};

/*
len: sds字符串的实际长度
alloc: 分配给字符串的总容量，不包含header和'\0'的容量
flags: 类型的标志，用一个字节的低三位来保存类型，主要为SDS_TYPE_5(0),  SDS_TYPE_8(1), SDS_TYPE_16(2), SDS_TYPE_32(3), SDS_TYPE_64(4)四种类型，高5位在SDS_TYPE_5类型中被用来存储字符串的长度
*/

struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr5 {		//对应字符串长度小于 1<<5 
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, and 5 msb of string length */
    char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr8 {		//对应字符串长度小于 1<<8
    uint8_t len; /* used */
    uint8_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
    char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr16 {		//对应字符串长度小于 1<<16
    uint16_t len; /* used */
    uint16_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
    char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr32 {		//对应字符串长度小于 1<<32
    uint32_t len; /* used */
    uint32_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
    char buf[];
};
struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr64 {		//对应字符串长度小于 1<<64
    uint64_t len; /* used */
    uint64_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */
    unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */
    char buf[];
};

struct custom_sds {
		char *buf;                          //存储实际字符
    size_t len;                         //字符串的长度
}

struct custom_sds *sds = newsds("Hello World");	//假设newsds完成内存分配并初始化buf为"Hello World"
printf("%s", sds->buf);

sds sds = sdsnew("Hello World");
printf("%s", sds);

+--------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| Header | Binary safe C alike string... | Null term |
+--------+-------------------------------+-----------+
         |
         `-> Pointer returned to the user.

sds s = sdsnew("Hello World");
printf("Length: %d, Type: %d\n", sdslen(s), sdsReqType(s));

Out>
Length: 12, Type: 0

/* Create a new sds string starting from a null terminated C string. */
sds sdsnew(const char *init) {
    size_t initlen = (init == NULL) ? 0 : strlen(init);
    return sdsnewlen(init, initlen);
}

/* Create a new sds string with the content specified by the 'init' pointer
 * and 'initlen'.
 * If NULL is used for 'init' the string is initialized with zero bytes.
 * If SDS_NOINIT is used, the buffer is left uninitialized;
 *
 * The string is always null-termined (all the sds strings are, always) so
 * even if you create an sds string with:
 *
 * mystring = sdsnewlen("abc",3);
 *
 * You can print the string with printf() as there is an implicit \0 at the
 * end of the string. However the string is binary safe and can contain
 * \0 characters in the middle, as the length is stored in the sds header. */
sds sdsnewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen) {
    void *sh;
    sds s;
    char type = sdsReqType(initlen);
    /* Empty strings are usually created in order to append. Use type 8
     * since type 5 is not good at this. */
    if (type == SDS_TYPE_5 && initlen == 0) type = SDS_TYPE_8;
    int hdrlen = sdsHdrSize(type);
    unsigned char *fp; /* flags pointer. */
    size_t usable;

    sh = s_malloc_usable(hdrlen+initlen+1, &usable);
    if (sh == NULL) return NULL;
    if (init==SDS_NOINIT)
        init = NULL;
    else if (!init)
        memset(sh, 0, hdrlen+initlen+1);
    s = (char*)sh+hdrlen;
    fp = ((unsigned char*)s)-1;
    usable = usable-hdrlen-1;
    if (usable > sdsTypeMaxSize(type))
        usable = sdsTypeMaxSize(type);
    switch(type) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5: {
            *fp = type | (initlen << SDS_TYPE_BITS);
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_8: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(8,s);
            sh->len = initlen;
            sh->alloc = usable;
            *fp = type;
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_16: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(16,s);
            sh->len = initlen;
            sh->alloc = usable;
            *fp = type;
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_32: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(32,s);
            sh->len = initlen;
            sh->alloc = usable;
            *fp = type;
            break;
        }
        case SDS_TYPE_64: {
            SDS_HDR_VAR(64,s);
            sh->len = initlen;
            sh->alloc = usable;
            *fp = type;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (initlen && init)
        memcpy(s, init, initlen);
    s[initlen] = '\0';
    return s;
}

static inline char sdsReqType(size_t string_size) {
    if (string_size < 1<<5)
        return SDS_TYPE_5;
    if (string_size < 1<<8)
        return SDS_TYPE_8;
    if (string_size < 1<<16)
        return SDS_TYPE_16;
#if (LONG_MAX == LLONG_MAX)
    if (string_size < 1ll<<32)
        return SDS_TYPE_32;
    return SDS_TYPE_64;
#else
    return SDS_TYPE_32;
#endif
}

static inline int sdsHdrSize(char type) {
    switch(type&SDS_TYPE_MASK) {
        case SDS_TYPE_5:
            return sizeof(struct sdshdr5);
        case SDS_TYPE_8:
            return sizeof(struct sdshdr8);
        case SDS_TYPE_16:
            return sizeof(struct sdshdr16);
        case SDS_TYPE_32:
            return sizeof(struct sdshdr32);
        case SDS_TYPE_64:
            return sizeof(struct sdshdr64);
    }
    return 0;
}

#define SDS_HDR_VAR(T,s) struct sdshdr##T *sh = (void*)((s)-(sizeof(struct sdshdr##T)));

sh->len = initlen;
sh->alloc = usable;
*fp = type;

 1byte     11byte     1byte
+------+-------------+-----+
| flag | Hello World | \0  |
+------+-------------+-----+

s = sdscat(s, "The length of this sentence is greater than 32 bytes");
printf("Length: %d, Type: %d\n", sdslen(s), sdsReqType(sdslen(s)));

Out>
Length: 64, Type: 1

#define SDS_TYPE_5  0
#define SDS_TYPE_8  1
#define SDS_TYPE_16 2
#define SDS_TYPE_32 3
#define SDS_TYPE_64 4

/* Append the specified null terminated C string to the sds string 's'.
 *
 * After the call, the passed sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call. */
sds sdscat(sds s, const char *t) {
    return sdscatlen(s, t, strlen(t));
}

/* Append the specified binary-safe string pointed by 't' of 'len' bytes to the
 * end of the specified sds string 's'.
 *
 * After the call, the passed sds string is no longer valid and all the
 * references must be substituted with the new pointer returned by the call. */
sds sdscatlen(sds s, const void *t, size_t len) {
    size_t curlen = sdslen(s);

    s = sdsMakeRoomFor(s,len);
    if (s == NULL) return NULL;
    memcpy(s+curlen, t, len);
    sdssetlen(s, curlen+len);
    s[curlen+len] = '\0';
    return s;
}

/* Enlarge the free space at the end of the sds string so that the caller
 * is sure that after calling this function can overwrite up to addlen
 * bytes after the end of the string, plus one more byte for nul term.
 *
 * Note: this does not change the *length* of the sds string as returned
 * by sdslen(), but only the free buffer space we have. */
sds sdsMakeRoomFor(sds s, size_t addlen) {
    void *sh, *newsh;
    size_t avail = sdsavail(s);
    size_t len, newlen;
    char type, oldtype = s[-1] & SDS_TYPE_MASK;
    int hdrlen;
    size_t usable;

    /* Return ASAP if there is enough space left. */
    if (avail >= addlen) return s;

    len = sdslen(s);
    sh = (char*)s-sdsHdrSize(oldtype);
    newlen = (len+addlen);
    if (newlen < SDS_MAX_PREALLOC)
        newlen *= 2;
    else
        newlen += SDS_MAX_PREALLOC;

    type = sdsReqType(newlen);

    /* Don't use type 5: the user is appending to the string and type 5 is
     * not able to remember empty space, so sdsMakeRoomFor() must be called
     * at every appending operation. */
    if (type == SDS_TYPE_5) type = SDS_TYPE_8;

    hdrlen = sdsHdrSize(type);
    if (oldtype==type) {
        newsh = s_realloc_usable(sh, hdrlen+newlen+1, &usable);
        if (newsh == NULL) return NULL;
        s = (char*)newsh+hdrlen;
    } else {
        /* Since the header size changes, need to move the string forward,
         * and can't use realloc */
        newsh = s_malloc_usable(hdrlen+newlen+1, &usable);
        if (newsh == NULL) return NULL;
        memcpy((char*)newsh+hdrlen, s, len+1);
        s_free(sh);
        s = (char*)newsh+hdrlen;
        s[-1] = type;
        sdssetlen(s, len);
    }
    usable = usable-hdrlen-1;
    if (usable > sdsTypeMaxSize(type))
        usable = sdsTypeMaxSize(type);
    sdssetalloc(s, usable);
    return s;
}

memcpy(s+curlen, t, len);
sdssetlen(s, curlen+len);
s[curlen+len] = '\0';
return s;

 3byte            128byte             1byte
+----+-----+----+--------------------+-----+
|len |alloc|flag| Hello World The ...| \0  |
+----+-----+----+--------------------+-----+

/* Free an sds string. No operation is performed if 's' is NULL. */
void sdsfree(sds s) {
    if (s == NULL) return;
    s_free((char*)s-sdsHdrSize(s[-1]));
}